Perhaps the most influential executive at Google is a man who cant write a line of code.That is
Kent Walker,
the companys chief legal officer and head of global affairs, whose role puts him at the center of the search giants antitrust challenges. It also gives him the power to lead the defense that will determine whether one of the worlds dominant conglomerates is able to keep growingor gets clipped.Google faces formidable legal challenges. Its parent,
Alphabet Inc.,
GOOG -0.97%
was sued by federal prosecutors in October for allegedly abusing monopoly power in its flagship search engine, and this week state attorneys general added their own pair of lawsuits targeting digital advertising, among other areas. Google broadly denies the claims and says it will contest them in court.
The Justice Department filed an antitrust lawsuit against Google earlier this fall. Here is how the tech giant ended up in the crosshairs of federal regulators. WSJs Jason Bellini reports. Photo: Getty Images
While some of the specific allegations are new, Googles use of its power has been under scrutiny for at least a decade. Under Mr. Walker, who became chief legal officer in 2018, it has fended off inquiries in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, India, Italy, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan and the U.K. without sustaining a meaningful blow. The European Union made the biggest splash, levying total fines of more than $10 billion, but since the first of the EUs three decisions against Google landed in 2017, the companys revenue and stock price have shot up by about half.
Mr. Walker, a 14-year company veteran, has long favored providing regulators with reams of data and paperwork, according to current and former employees, yet those tactics might be wearing thin.
As part of the U.S. House Judiciary Committees probe into technology giants market power this year, Alphabet turned in 1,135,398 documents, including strategy memorandums, presentations and materials produced in prior investigations.
The governments response was withering. Although Google produced a significant amount of material, subcommittee staff did not view this volume as a proxy for quality, the subcommittee report said.
Google spokesman Jason Post said: We dont seek to overproduce, and we do our best to narrow requests.
Mr. Walker, 59, declined through a spokesman to be interviewed. Current and former employeesmany of whom worked closely with himsaid he is a true believer in the positive potential for technology, and thinks Google has been unfairly maligned. His attitude, they said, is that Google needs to better explain its behavior, rather than change it.
Kents perspective, which he imbued his legal team with, is that the lawyers should bias toward making new things happen, and should not be agents of no, said former Google public-policy head
Adam Kovacevich.
Among Mr. Walkers priorities has been the expansion of embedded groups of lawyers across the conglomerate who act as eyes and ears to spot, and stop, potentially anticompetitive behavior. One of the state lawsuits took a dim view of the effectiveness of that initiative, flagging a Google and
Facebook Inc.
agreement that prosecutors say guaranteed special treatment for the social-media company in Google-run ad auctions.
Online ads are typically sold in auctions that happen in an instant, when a user’s webpage is loading. Google dominates at virtually every step of the process. Heres how the digital advertising machine works:
THE SELL SIDE: PUBLISHERS
The publisher also gives the exchange information about the readerage, income, browsing history and interests, for example.
In this example, the publisher uses Googles DoubleClick for Publishers, the leading ad-serving tool.
When a user visits a large online publishers website or app, the publisher uses an ad server to sell ad space on its pages.
The tool puts the publishers ad space up for sale on exchanges, marketplaces where transactions happen in real time between sellers (publishers) and buyers (advertisers).
Once a match is made on the exchange, an ad pops up on the users screen.
REAL-TIME AUCTION HOUSES
Google has the largest such marketplace, the DoubleClick Ad Exchange, or AdX.
To get its ad in front of the user, the advertiser places bids in the auction marketplaceand the highest bidder wins.
THE BUY SIDE: ADVERTISERS
An advertiser, representing its clients products, uses sophisticated buying tools to purchase ads.
The advertiser can specify the types of audiences it wants to targetsuch as location, gender or age of userand the price of the offer.
In this example, an advertiser uses Googles buying tool, DV360, the industry leader.
THE SELL SIDE: PUBLISHERS
The publisher also gives the exchange information about the readerage, income, browsing history and interests, for example.
In this example, the publisher uses Googles DoubleClick for Publishers, the leading ad-serving tool.
When a user visits a large online publishers website or app, the publisher uses an ad server to sell ad space on its pages.
The tool puts the publishers ad space up for sale on exchanges, marketplaces where transactions happen in real time between sellers (publishers) and buyers (advertisers).
Once a match is made on the exchange, an ad pops up on the users screen.
REAL-TIME AUCTION HOUSES
Google has the largest such marketplace, the DoubleClick Ad Exchange, or AdX.
THE BUY SIDE: ADVERTISERS
To get its ad in front of the user, the advertiser places bids in the auction marketplaceand the highest bidder wins.
An advertiser, representing its clients products, uses sophisticated buying tools to purchase ads.
The advertiser can specify the types of audiences it wants to targetsuch as location, gender or age of userand the price of the offer.
In this example, an advertiser uses Googles buying tool, DV360, the industry leader.
The publisher also gives the exchange information about the readerage, income, browsing history and interests, for example.
THE SELL SIDE: PUBLISHERS
In this example, the publisher uses Googles DoubleClick for Publishers, the leading ad-serving tool.
When a user visits a large online publishers website or app, the publisher uses an ad server to sell ad space on its pages.
The tool puts the publishers ad space up for sale on exchanges, marketplaces where transactions happen in real time between sellers (publishers) and buyers (advertisers).
REAL-TIME AUCTION HOUSES
Once a match is made on the exchange, an ad pops up on the users screen.
Google has the largest such marketplace, the DoubleClick Ad Exchange, or AdX.
THE BUY SIDE: ADVERTISERS
An advertiser, representing its clients products, uses sophisticated buying tools to purchase ads.
To get its ad in front of the user, the advertiser places bids in the auction marketplaceand the highest bidder wins.
The advertiser can specify the types of audiences it wants to targetsuch as location, gender or age of userand the price of the offer.
In this example, an advertiser uses Googles buying tool, DV360, the industry leader.
THE SELL SIDE: PUBLISHERS
When a user visits a large online publishers website or app, the publisher uses an ad server to sell ad space on its pages.
The publisher also gives the exchange information about the readerage, income, browsing history and interests, for example.
In this example, the publisher uses Googles DoubleClick for Publishers, the leading ad-serving tool.
The tool puts the publishers ad space up for sale on exchanges, marketplaces where transactions happen in real time between sellers (publishers) and buyers (advertisers).
REAL-TIME AUCTION HOUSES
Google has the largest such marketplace, the DoubleClick Ad Exchange, or AdX.
THE BUY SIDE: ADVERTISERS
An advertiser, representing its clients products, uses sophisticated buying tools to purchase ads.
In this example, an advertiser uses Googles buying tool, DV360, the industry leader.
The advertiser can specify the types of audiences it wants to targetsuch as location, gender or age of userand the price of the offer.
To get its ad in front of the user, the advertiser places bids in the auction marketplaceand the highest bidder wins.
Once a match is made on the exchange, an ad pops up on the users screen.
Any collaboration between competitors of such magnitude should have set off the loudest alarm bells in terms of antitrust compliance, the lawsuit said.
This partnership has been public for years. The idea that this was a secret deal is just wrong, the Google spokesman said. Facebook declined to comment.
Like most large companies, Alphabet hires scores of outside lawyers, especially for protracted litigation such as an antitrust case. Mr. Walker is in charge of the companys legal strategy and has been deposed on behalf of Google on occasion.
Mr. Walker is a relative rarity in Silicon Valley, having grown up in the area. Born in Taipei to a Navy family, he moved to San Francisco at age one and later to Palo Alto, Calif. He picked up degrees at Harvard University and Stanford Law School.
Mr. Walker is a Shakespeare nuthe treks every Labor Day to the Oregon Shakespeare festivaland an unabashed square, friends say. In law school, he turned down front-row tickets to see U2 because he wanted to catch up on his reading, his former roommate said. He is often the only person in Google meetings wearing khakis.
Google and Antitrust Regulation
A runner who once ran the Boston Marathon, he can be competitive and flash a temper, people who know him said. A few years ago, Googles internal auditors flagged him for posting profane messages to the members of Googles internal ultimate-frisbee team, one of the people said. He was frustrated that the teams equipment kept being removed from his office, and circulated an internal note, Where the f are my cones?
After law school, Mr. Walker joined the Clinton administration as a prosecutor, working alongside a cluster of future notables, including U.S. Circuit Judge
Merrick Garland,
who was nominated for the Supreme Court in 2016. Later in his career, Mr. Walker recommended Google employ his former Justice Department boss,
Jamie Gorelick,
to investigate sexual-misconduct allegations against his onetime supervisor, Alphabet general counsel
David Drummond.
The company hired Ms. Gorelick and parted ways with Mr. Drummond.
Weve stayed friends ever since Main Justice, Ms. Gorelick said. She wouldnt comment on her recommendations to the company.
Mr. Drummond couldnt be reached for comment. He has previously said that he is far from perfect, but disputed the claims against him.
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Mr. Walkers remit is unusually broad for a general counsel. In addition to legal, he supervises public policy, Googles Trust and Safety organization, a responsible innovation department, think tank Jigsaw and a charity arm that doles out $200 million in grants yearly. Colleagues said he answers his phonea Google Pixel 5at all hours of the night.
Mr. Walker often says, according to people who know him: If you ever find me complaining about my job, just shoot me.
Google has also attempted to make him a public face, in many instances ahead of
Sundar Pichai,
the companys chief executive. In 2018, Google unsuccessfully attempted to send Mr. Walker instead of Mr. Pichai to testify for the Senate Intelligence Committee.
A year later, at the Alphabet stockholder meetingthe only annual opportunity for shareholders to query Googles executivesMr. Walker cut in to answer most questions, including one directed specifically at Mr. Pichai. Seated on the same dais, Mr. Pichai never spoke at the event.
Write to Rob Copeland at rob.copeland@wsj.com
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